Zasekuhlaleni kukuncedisa a isemthethweni kuthetha ka-settling imbambano kunye injongo abucala umthethoNgokusekelwe imigaqo zasekuhlaleni procedural umthetho isiqulatho enkulu inxalenye kwi-code of zasekuhlaleni nkqubo. Kwi-yamandulo Eroma, actors ingaba represented kwi-wagqitywa ka-roman umthetho, kunye fictitious igama: Aulo Agerio, defendants, endaweni yoko, bamele represented kwi-wagqitywa ka-roman umthetho, kunye fictitious igama: Numerius Negidio. Inani elingama-nkqubo ngu ngokusondeleleneyo enxulumene elo umyalelo wokhuselo, ukususela yokugqibela ngu necessarily-matyala, kwaye depleting ngokuqhelekileyo umsebenzi kwi-apparatus kwetyala nge ruling wenkundla. Iqala ukususela kweli premise, phakathi ezininzi considerations kwimfundiso malunga ukuthelekisa umsebenzi inkqubo kukho ezimbini engundoqo. I-oldest ubona nkqubo njengoko i-instrument ukuba oncedisa umntu kuba realization kunye nokusebenzisa yakhe ilungelo enye, prevailing kwi-phantse zonke lenkulungwane yeminyaka engamashumi amabini, uqwalasela inkqubo njenge-wonke umsebenzi, akhokele reinstatement ka-ilungelo njongo. Olahliweyo xa kuqaliswayo lokuqala sicwangciso kwi wake ye-isijamani impembelelo, kubalulekile ndaqonda kunye ixesha ukuba, nangona kunjalo, baye thelekisa kakhulu inkqubo kunye yayo inyaniso yoqobo injongo, oko kukuthi injongo okukhusela amalungelo oyedwa. Inxalenye imfundiso ngu recovering yonke okanye inxalenye yokuqala misela, kanjalo kwesigqibo ka yokuba inkqubo ngu necessarily emva non-intsebenziswano ezimbini subjects. Ngaphaya koko, akuvumelekanga ukuba kuphela ichiza kuvunyelwa ngumthetho, esistendone kanjalo nezinye procedural kodwa kanjalo substantive. Kubalulekile umthetho oya chaza kwesinye isandla, ulungiso kunye iimfuno umyalelo wokhuselo, kwaye hayi nkqubo, apho kufuneka guqulela esezantsi techniques ezifanelekileyo ngenjongo. Kolu luvo, kanjalo linceda systematic indawo isi-Italian zasekuhlaleni-code of encwadini malunga '- matyala okukhusela amalungelo': ukuba ufumana disciplined, kuphela uhlobo ezahlukeneyo iifomu ka-protection kwaye eshiya iindlela kwaye amaxwebhu i-code of ritual, le indawo yokuhlala luvula amanqaku ka-kubonisa, kodwa, ngaphezu kwazo zonke, iyavuma implicitly, ukuba ayinjalo kuphela inkqubo kunikela umyalelo wokhuselo ukuba umntu, kodwa kanjalo amanye amaxwebhu afana, transcription kwaye prescription. Nangona kunjalo, zasekuhlaleni umthetho, substantive kwaye procedural isi-Italian akusebenzi k ubonakala ngathi ukuphuhlisa ngemali aimed ngokukodwa ukuba umda umgama phakathi substantial inyaniso, yaye inyaniso kwetyala, kwaye unika inkqubo i-ngqo umsebenzi ascertaining inyaniso, okanye ngaba oko imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi izibophelelo kwi ukuba amaqela neemeko zabo abaqondisi-mthetho ukuthetha, okanye wamsukela inyaniso, okanye, ingakumbi, ibonelela ngobuchule kwaye incisive amagunya nokwenza imisebenzi enkundleni khumbula, ascertain inyaniso ngaphandle pleadings kwaye ubungqina linikelwe amaqela, okanye predisposes kuyo explicitly okanye enza ngayo inkqubo esisinyanzelo lohlobo ngemali solawulo lwenyaniso kunye reliability amangqina njengoko controesame ye-adverse umntu kwaye amabango ngokusekelwe phambi izenzo we sizathu, eziya lohlobo ngemali ye-mthetho nkqubo. Kanjalo izibonelelo zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo baqhuba kakuhle kakhulu nika umgwebi nemisebenzi ye-office kwi-ingqokelela ka-ubungqina (umz unguye. yokuziphatha ka-zasekuhlaleni umgaqo-nkqubo kwi-rite umsebenzi) basemazweni-matyala senzo isetyenziswe kakhulu kuyanqaphazekaarely. Ekugqibeleni kunokwenzeka argued ukuba kuba isi-Italian umthetho kwi - 'eli bango waba mediated' (apho ukongeza isicelo nesabelo zasekuhlaleni inkqubo kukho determination ka-substantial inyaniso. Kwi zasekuhlaleni yovavanyo, protagonists ingaba ezintathu: actor, (ukuba omnye iqala nkqubo kwaye kufuneka expose yakhe izizathu) defendant (umntu othe wenza a ezingachanekanga ukuba detriment ye-plaintiff) nomgwebi (enye abo, emva ekubeni weva izizathu ye-actor kwaye objections ye-defendant pronounces isigwebo) injongo ye-nkqubo corresponds ukuba inkcazelo esekwe kwi-imfundiso kwaye ukuziqhelanisa kwetyala, apho sele ayifumaneki a precise kubhekiswa kwi-umbhalo-code of zasekuhlaleni nkqubo.
Ngokunxulumene jikelele evakalayo zibe achazwa injongo ye-nkqubo (okanye injongo) isigqibo) umxholo imibuzo ukuze amaqela (plaintiff, defendant, wesithathu amaqela, abathathi-nxaxheba okanye wesithathu amaqela ngokuba kwi-nkqubo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, efanayo karhulumente prosecutor), kuhlangatyezwana ukuba umgwebi, kwaye ngale nto ifunwa i-explicit ubizo: kunye isihlalo sifuna ukuya umkhosi (id est ezilungele babe incontrovertible kwaye kufuneka exhausted zonke kuthetha ka-isibheno njengoko ingaba wanika ngumthetho okanye ukuba kanye iphenjelelwe imiqathango yomthetho).
Ingcamango kuvele, ke ngoko, precise connotation, ezahlukileyo ukususela enxulumene, kodwa ngakumbi jikelele, 'imathiriyali sizathu' (okanye injongo ka-cognition), apho luquka yonke factual iimeko apho umgwebi sele ukwazi ekuhambeni kudala ukuba safika isigqibo malunga imibuzo, ngaphandle, nangona kunjalo, kubizwa a ubizo: real ezilungele ukuba umgwebi (oko kukuthi, njengokuba wathi, limited ukuba injongo lomgaqo-nkqubo). Ilinde vala correlation kunye imibuzo ezicetywayo yi-amaqela, injongo ye-nkqubo kusenokuba analyzed nge-cd. i-ezibini ukuze uvumele precise uchazo apho mthetho ekufuneka isetyenzisiwe kwi inkundla nge-filing yesicelo kwaye enxulumene kwezixhobo zokusebenza ye-matyala isigqibo. Ngokunxulumene esiqhelekileyo indlela, iziqalelo ze uchazo lwe intshukumo consist: jikelele, kwanele ukutshintsha lunye kuphela iziqalelo ze uchazo ngenxa umbuzo intshukumo babe uqwalaselwe ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwelinye. I-introductory isigaba ka-zasekuhlaleni inkqubo lusekelwe umbuzo ukuba ingaba isicelo kunye apho phantsi ibiza kuba matyala umyalelo wokhuselo. 'Imfuneko' ingaba kwalomgaqo-siseko kwinto ye-izenzo apho angenise isihlalo. Umzekelo i-writ ka-summons ingaba summons (ngoko ke ngu a ukubhalwa uxwebhu) kuhlangatyezwana ezimbini abamkeli, kuba oku wathi doubly ricettizio: baqhuba kakuhle kakhulu, ukuvula i-act ka-isihlalo, apho kubalulekile equlethwe kulo mbuzo, unako thatha ifomu intshukumo ukuba ayikho acamngcwe yi-izikhokelo kwinkqubo cognition. Ifom ye-isibheno, nangona kunjalo, kanjalo foreseen kwi-nokuqheleka iingxoxo kuba proposition ye-introductory umbuzo kwi-isibheno kwi-cassation.
Inqaku cpc, ngowe- kwisiqendu identifies ezintathu iqhosha actors lomgaqo-nkqubo nge-ukwenza uluhlu i-ezibini apho kuya iqulathe summons: inkqubo cognition ngu engundoqo enye, kwaye umahlule ngo yayo kwi-jika inkqubo cognition ka-mere liqinisekise, kwesigwebo kwaye constitutive.
Kukho kanjalo ezahlukeneyo rites esilandelayo ukuya nokuqheleka, impregnated ka-structural imisebenzi okanye iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo neenkqubo: inkqubo umsebenzi, inkqubo umntwana, inkqubo amanzi, iingxoxo, kuba i-injunction, inkampani kwaye iingxoxo malunga personal isimo (wokuqhawula umtshato, okunokukhethwa kuko, interdiction.). Zasekuhlaleni kukuncedisa inkqubo ngokusebenzisa apho inkundla inje vested kunye umsebenzi ka - ukusombulula imbambano arising phakathi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu private abantu, okanye phakathi ezi kwaye wonke umzimba ngokunxulumene a ubudlelwane babucala (idla-mali eyenziweyo, ngaphandle kokuba injongo zasekuhlaleni yovavanyo zibe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo okanye ubume ukuba kanjalo kuba relevance ukuba journalism, nje ukuba malunga ne-nkqubo ukuze ufumane ubizo: a okunokukhethwa kuko okanye wokuqhawula umtshato). Njengoko ukuba amaxwebhu ayo ukusekwa, zasekuhlaleni nkqubo ilawulwa yi-inyathelo lokubetha le yinxalenye (governed yi-aph. m.): kuyafuneka ngenxa umgwebi ngu invested kunye umsebenzi ka-igqiba i-proposition ka-okhethekileyo isicelo, apho ngokuqhelekileyo ivela wabucala umntu achazwa 'actor' (nkqu ukuba ayinjalo ayifakwanga ukuze enye ibe zibhengezwe nge iqumrhu likarhulumente, oko kukuthi Uluntu kubulungiseleli, xa sukuba basemazweni ezibalulekileyo ubudlelwane-wonke umsebenzi, umzekelo, kwi-imiba custody kwaye imfundo a ngokulawulwa ukuba ingu encinci ubudala). Isicelo yathi yayalela ngokuchasene umntu olilungu ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko 'defendant' kwaye, oko kuxhomekeke rite kwaye uhlobo nkqubo, kungathatha ifomu ye-uphawulo (umz. isimemo kuhlangatyezwana ngqo iqela, oko kunjalo uya kwaziswa ukuba bavele phambi komgwebi), okanye isibheno (oko kukuthi isicelo ngqo umgwebi ukuba pronounce a komlinganiselo - umzekelo, kwetyala, ukuze intlawulo, njalo-njalo. aza kamva abe communicated - amaxwebhu zenkonzo, omnye umntu) Imimiselo nemiqathango-siseko we-defendant vary ngokunxulumene uhlobo inkqubo: oko kukuthi, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ngenxa zasekuhlaleni inkqubo ayikwazi njengalowo njengoko enjalo, kusoloko kukho imfuneko ukusekwa emnqamlezweni-njalo, apho kufuneka vumela, baze baqinisekise ukuba iqela ngokuchasene lowo ngumsebenzi wafuna umbuzo ithuba ikhusele ngokwakhe (lento intsalela a isigunyaziso ukwehla ukusuka efanayo umqulu we-siseko, ngokukodwa ekuthethwe ngawo unguye, nd kwisiqendu-siseko. kwaye awukho, ° isiphumlisi, iindleko.) Ukuze yenze isigqibo malunga amalungelo deducted ne-aplikeshini, umgwebi kufuneka ukwazi iinyaniso wabeka kwindibano yayo foundation: eli icala kwinkqubo aimed ngomhla acquisition ye-iimvavanyo, uchaza commonly 'uphando' kwaye iyaguquguquka kuxhomekeke rite usebenza. Umthetho ngawo, ekupheleni kophando, yolawulo ziijaji (justices le uxolo, Inkundla, Inkundla isibheno, supreme Inkundla) igqibe i-controversy yi-igqiba kwi amalungelo inferred kwimeko, kwi ubungqina isihlalo kwaye kwibar esebenzayo ngokusemthethweni imigaqo, sele ngesiqhelo, kodwa akusoloko, ifomu isihlalo. Kunye 'telematic inkqubo' libhekisa phantse exclusively ukuba PCT, oko kukuthi inkqubo kwi-zombane ZASEKUHLALENI, kodwa le nkcazelo kukuba ayisasebenzi sanele. I-telematic kukuncedisa ukwandisa ukuba amanye amacandelo ahlukeneyo le ubulungisa: wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-uxolo, executions, iingxoxo, ulwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona kunjalo kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimeko ye PCT ngu guaranteed ukufikelela hayi kuphela ukuba i-data ka-zasekuhlaleni iinkundla kodwa kanjalo ukuba asebenze. Kuba, ulwaphulo-mthetho ubulungisa nee-arhente zithe esifunyenweyo imali kwi- lwabiwo-mali. Le projekthi uphumezo wenziwe ukwenza imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo kwaye ngenisa i-operation ngo, kwaye iziphumo kufuneka ibonakale ngo. Ngokubhekiselele kule wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-uxolo ekuqaleni ka- kunye ntetho ka-iziphumo le projekthi ASTREA, kubulungiseleli lobulungisa ukuba kokuba lwahlulelwano projekthi ngokupheleleyo financing oko sele wazuza kwi Bologna telematic yolawulo lobulungisa le Uxolo, othe waya ukusuka apho eyandisiweyo kwezinye iinkundla: kunye a surprise yiya endaweni kubulungiseleli lobulungisa sele ECINYIWEYO le projekthi ukuba waba esebenza ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye kugqitywe ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, kwaye nangona ekubeni wathembisa iziphumo ngexesha, ngojanuwari, ke ngoku hayi cacisa ukuba kunye xa ufikelelo kwi web ukuba i-data lomthetho wenkundla yezomgaqo-siseko ka-uxolo iya kufumaneka. Zasekuhlaleni kukuncedisa ukutshintsha kwiintlanganiso inkqubo i-zombane zasekuhlaleni. Kule tshintsha, banikwa entsha technological kuthetha ukuba unxibelelwano kwi-nkqubo phakathi a lawyer nomgwebi, kuquka umgwebi kwaye lawyer, kuba yolawulo imisebenzi wenkundla 'computerized'.
I-ushunqulelo ye-automated inguqulelo zasekuhlaleni inkqubo ingaba PCT (processo civile telematico") kwaye ngenxa a isithembiso Italy kwi-european union: ukususela umphinda-phinde ngo lobulungisa ingaba okungenasiphelo, isi-Italian urhulumente ubeke ngedinga a computerisation aimed e isigrombi phezulu iinkqubo.
