G. iseke i-Bhalisa neenkqubo Zomthetho Abantu
Ngexesha wendalo okanye isemthethweni abantu united kwi guild (amalungu) ziindleko constitutive into efanayo, umseki, oko kukuthi wendalo okanye ngokusemthethweni ukuba umntu unika a lemveli ukuba injongo, njalo ukwenza isiseko, liqhubeka a stranger ukuba yokugqibela
Inkqubo esemthethweni abantu kuba i-umbutho, nge-i-yolungiselelo ubume umahlule kwi-ofisi phakathi ofisi ngabo bathe njengoko umnini (okanye, ngokunxulumene nezinye theoretical reconstruction, ingaba) amacandelo karhulumente inkqubo esemthethweni umntu kwaye kwenziwe ngokusemthethweni izenzo i-defendants omnye.
I-umbutho, nangona kunjalo, kanjalo possessed zezinye imizimba ngaphandle kulandelwe kwinto ye-ukuthathela ingqalelo: ukuba indlela yokusebenza iimpawu ukuba ezi organizations, umntu othile iqondo-mali autonomy, ngokunxulumene a widespread inkumbulo, kuya kufuneka ndagqiba ukuba bona, nangona hayi ke isemthethweni abantu, ingaba? phantsi komthetho. Bathi okokuba amakhulu ingaba organizations abantu, xa isiseko ingaba imibutho kwempahla. Enyanisweni, kunzima ukuba qinisekisa a corporation olunokuba ekuphumeleliseni wakhe ngeenjongo ngaphandle ukusebenzisa yenkcubeko lemveli, ngokunjalo kwisiseko ongayi basebenzisa abantu: bonke imizimba, njengoko organizations, ingaba complexes abantu kwaye izinto, umahluko lies kwi-fact ukuba khetha kwi-guilds kubalulekile ukuba ube ebusweni ukusuka abantu (amalungu), ngethuba isiseko kubalulekile ukuba kukho ubutyebi beli bucala kwi-eyokuba, enyanisweni, ukubaluleka wezi zinto zibe ezahlukeneyo (cinga a company limited yi-izahlulo, isemthethweni umntu we-corporate uhlobo, apho, nangona kunjalo, ezilinganayo ezikhoyo kuyaphela phezulu ikholisa ukuba kuba uncedo kulungile ngaphezu ukuba). Yoluntu okanye yabucala uhlobo isemthethweni mntu kanjalo libonisa yakhe nengqeqesho, private amaqumrhu asemthethweni mayelana private umthetho, ngexesha uluntu okkt yi-wonke umthetho ukuba unako iimpawu zabo amagunya authoritative, ezifana omnye enact yolawulo amanyathelo (mna-sufficiency) okanye ezigunyazisiweyo zengxelo izenzo (mna-regulation, oko kusenokuba-mthetho, statutory, okanye ezigunyazisiweyo zengxelo). Ngokufanelekileyo, isemthethweni mthetho leyo inika ukunyuka ukuya isemthethweni umntu, abaya kuthatha igama deed ka-incorporation (kwimeko isiseko ubizwa ngokuba umthetho we-foundation), uhlobo umthetho we-private autonomy kwimeko zomthetho abantu abucala, ngexesha kwimeko zomthetho abantu wonke uhlobo komlinganiselo. Ingaba isemthethweni abantu wonke umthetho, Urhulumente (nkqu ukuba, abanye imida, ezifana isi-Italian omnye, ingaba isemthethweni umntu-unitary kodwa set of subjects) kunye nezinye uluntu ekuhlaleni, apho kunako kwezabo iimpawu i-amakhulu (njengoko Urhulumente kwaye territorial abasemagunyeni), okanye isiseko. Imithetho karhulumente phakathi private isemthethweni abantu ziquka iimbumbano kwaye lunxulumano isiseko, ngokunjalo edibeneyo-stock iinkampani nezinye abarhwebayo iinkampani kunye neenkqubo zomthetho personality. Iintlobo ezahlukileyo iinkampani, urhulumente umthetho unokuphathisa ezahlukeneyo amaqondo-mali autonomy, ngoko ke ukuba asingabo bonke ngabo characterized nge isemthethweni personality kwi-engqongqo evakalayo: yinto ebalulekileyo, kule meko, yenkampani eyinkunzi (apho prototype ingaba edibeneyo-stock company), kunye neenkqubo zomthetho personality, inkampani abantu abakhoyo ngaphandle kokuba (nangona kunjalo kwezinye imida, ezifana France ne-Brazil, kanjalo kuba isemthethweni personality). Eminye imida vumela kuba incorporation iinkampani omnye-umntu kunye neenkqubo zomthetho personality (ngoko ke ngoku kanjalo kwi-Italy).
E-United States inkqubo edibeneyo-stock inkampani (corporation) meyi ukuzithwala ngaphandle imisebenzi kunye kwezoqoqosho (ishishini corporation) yi hayi inzuzo (hayi inzuzo corporation).
Enye kwenzeka kwezinye imida ye zasekuhlaleni umthetho (umzekelo, kwi-Germany, Austria kwaye Senegal) ngexesha ngamanye zasekuhlaleni umthetho imigaqo ye-stock inkampani ngu aimed e uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho imisebenzi, kwaye ke ngoko ngokucacileyo ecacileyo evela association kunye foundation. Kanjalo Omkhulu Usa kwaye ngamanye ongabhalwanga phantsi imida i company (society) endaweni i-society (association) uphawu impilo okanye nentlalo-ntle.
Njengoko isiseko, uninzi ihlela akavumelekanga ukuba ingaba injongo inzuzo, nangona kunjalo, kukho imigaqo ukuba vumela ukusekwa abantu isemthethweni no i-foundation kunye injongo inzuzo, ezifana Anstalt kwi-ivory coast.
I private umthetho ongabhalwanga phantsi imida sele uyazi isiseko njengokuba ecacileyo uhlobo isemthethweni umntu, kwaye kangangokuba i-organizations kunye ngeenjongo ukuba ingaba philanthropic (charities, wavuma. uthando lwenene) nangona rhoqo ekubhekiswe kuye njengoko isiseko, ingaba enyanisweni iyathemba, amakhulu, okanye iimbumbano hayi lunxulumano. Kwi-nezomthetho ka-eqhelekileyo i abanye-wonke kwii-ofisi, okanye ibandla (ezifana efanayo-british yomlawuli ophezulu) ingaba isemthethweni abantu ngokwakhe njengoko a corporation sole: eli okhethekileyo ifomu corporation ukuba endaweni yokuba composed ka-amaninzi abantu (ezifana corporation aggregate) bamisela kuphela yi-holder we-ofisi. Kwesinye isandla, kwezi efanayo imida, lwengingqi kwaye jonga abasemagunyeni (ezikufuphi njalo-njalo) ezicingelwa amacandelo karhulumente urhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho personality, ngeli lixa ezinye iindawo imisebenzi yolawulo karhulumente (variously denominated: imisebenzi yolawulo karhulumente, i-arhente, igunya, ibhodi, commissions, njl. njl.) ingaba isemthethweni abantu governed nge private umthetho. I-Code of canon umthetho regulates inkqubo esemthethweni abantu, Incwadi mna, Isihloko VI, Isahluko se-II. Oko distinguishes: phantsi isi-Italian umthetho, zasekuhlaleni ikhowudi, Incwadi mna, Isihloko II, Isahluko mna, sijongana isemthethweni abantu, uluntu (aph.), private (aph, arhoxiswe ngumthetho D.
R. I-nengqeqesho abucala isemthethweni abantu ngu equlethwe kwi-code kwayo kwi-D.
R, ngeli lixa ukuba wonke isemthethweni abantu isasaziwe kwi plurality ka-imithetho enxulumene ezithile iindidi abantu (umzekelo, wobulali amagunya okanye umntu amaziko. Isemthethweni abantu bamele traditionally ebalulekileyo kwi-namashishini abucala: lokuqala ingaba umleqa izinto ezichaphazela uluntu, ngexesha yokugqibela wamsukela i-izinto ezichaphazela wabucala indalo, nkqu nokuba babe nayo kusetyenziswa kuba pursuit-wonke umdla. Ngamanye amaxesha usebenzisa improperly igama isemthethweni abantu (private) xa izifaniso ishishini okanye, worse, inkampani. Enyanisweni, iinkampani asingawo kwi-corporate ifomu, partnerships, sole proprietorships awunayo isemthethweni personality. Ngamanye amaxesha yowiso-mthetho lube negalelo isiphithiphithi njengoko sele kusetyenziswa igama elithi restrictive (kuchaziwe ngasentla) kwi-uluvo kofakwano (iinkampani, iimbumbano). Iimbumbano, isiseko kunye namanye amaziko wabucala indalo, zokusebenza ezingama-wesizwe (okanye ngeenjongo ezi amanqaku of association echaphazela le territory ka-ngakumbi imimandla kwaye okanye ngamacandelo ka-kolawulo urhulumente, baya kufumana isemthethweni personality ngokuthi kuthethwa ye-ukuthathela ingqalelo omiselwe ngumthetho ingeniso kwi-Bhalisa ye-Prefecture. Ngomhla Prefettura-U T.
