amashumi amathathu juni, n. unguye Ss, D
Eyimali, akunjalo, ziphantsi kwi ngokubanzi unyaka ka-uxanduva lasemthethweniIngakumbi, identifies lonke iziko imbumba yi-imigaqo abantliziyo msebenzi wenziwe kufumana ngokulawulwa ngubani obliged ubungqina iindleko injury kwabanye kwelinye, ingaba iqwalaselwe a izifaniso efanayo bond kwi-restorative imiselwe ku-unoxanduva qumrhu.
Zasekuhlaleni eyimali apho institute ngu waseka kwi multiplicity ka-imigaqo, ingakumbi abo equlethwe kumgaqo-Italian zasekuhlaleni ikhowudi pursuant ukuba unguye.
Kukho, kanjalo, nezinye izibonelelo kuba ethile, iimeko (bona, umzekelo kwaye ngaphandle ibango ukuba completeness: amanqaku, m.m. elinesihlanu I - Lgls. ezintandathu septemba, hayi. Yesibini ngu residual kwi-uphawu (lwe iimposiso-systematic, non-casistico), evakalayo ukuba r. kubalulekile wokuqala uhlobo xa inyaniso yeyokuba-umthombo coincides kunye non-ngayo i-obligation, nokuba imvelaphi ngu lwesibini uhlobo kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko. 'tort' zichaziwe, jikelele nge-aph. ukuba obliges nabani na onqwenela, kunye made kwezabo, intentional okanye negligent, umonakalo kuyo nayiphina indlela 'akulunganga' ukuba omnye umntu, ukuba imbuyekezo yabasebenzi i-umonakalo. em"nayiphi Na intentional okanye negligent, nto leyo isenza unjust umonakalo kwabanye, obliges enye abo wanikela ingxelo ukuba compensate umonakalo wazo."Ikhomishini i-mthethweni umthetho wama - ngesizathu ebusweni bethu inkqubo ye-hypothesis ka-engqongqo eyimali nkqu kwimeko apho eyimali kuba izenzo komnye umntu - sele exhaust, nangona kunjalo, lonke i-institute: kubalulekile lunye kuphela kunokwenzeka iinyaniso ingaba imvelaphi uxanduva. Oku kunokwenziwa ngakumbi kuba wazuza ukuba obligation ka-reparation (zasekuhlaleni eyimali kwi-narrow evakalayo) wenza umsebenzi. ukuba ngu-hayi intsingiselo kwi hlela i oda: eli obligation sele ixabiso imposing a esangezelelweyo (esangezelelweyo private) xa kulindeleke kuthelekiswa a unobumba tort purely compensatory xa originated ukusuka iinyaniso, ngokucacileyo ngu a stranger ngamnye umyinge rimproverabili. I-induction hayi ukwenza declarations okanye ukwenza untrue declarations kwi-matyala abasemagunyeni, isi-Italian ufumana i-kwinto ye-administrative uxanduva neenkqubo zomthetho abantu.
Eliqhelekileyo akusebenzi involve i-nullity ye-ukugcina iimfihlo clauses apho anike ngenye indlela ngokubhekiselele, kwaye akusebenzi ukuba ubuxoki zonyaka okanye engaqukwanga wenza ukuba cinezela.
I-ukuqhubela yangoku systematic ka-fact pursuant ukuba unguye. wathabatha indawo kwi-kwangoko Sixties, yokuxhomekeka kumanzi kwi uhlobo jikelele lokulingana lomthetho umthetho cited. Kude kube lelo xesha, esiqhelekileyo indlela icacisa intswela-bulungisa le umonakalo kunye injury a zombhali kuphela ilungelo elililo: impilo, imbeko, ipropati. Kwakunjalo ngoko Piero Schlesinger ukuba enunciate-siseko uniqueness ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvula indlela umyalelo wokhuselo aquiliana kanjalo ukuba amalungelo ezingekho elililo. quka wenza ka-exclusion ka-eyimali, ngokulandelelana kwayo, kuba mna-yokhuselo kunye imo necessity, kuqala kunjalo, eyimali ka-iarhente ngu ayifakwanga, ezinye ukuphumela kwi-mere imbuyekezo.
Kubalulekile wathi kulo mba ukuba realization ezi zimbini iimeko tshintsha i-ukuziphatha ukuba abe contra ius a secondum ius.
Ezinye ebalulekileyo somthetho sokukhululwa alibabali luxanduva abo ndenza ukonakaliswa ingxelo kwi-kwimo inability ukuqonda kwaye umnqweno, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba imo incapacity akusebenzi oluzenzekelayo njengoko enjalo, kodwa ngokunxulumene fact umzekelo i-unskillful ngu irresponsible ka-kwezabo kwaye ngenxa yakhe incapacity ngu ezifana ukuba hayi vumela kuye ukuqonda intsingiselo kwaye zoko ka-kwezabo act (aph. I-Italian zasekuhlaleni ikhowudi kanjalo identifies i-hypothesis ka-engqongqo eyimali (kukho umzekelo kunjalo ekuthethwe ngawo unguye. uxanduva nokusebenzisa ezinobungozi imisebenzi), umz. iimeko apho eyimali ikhona abstractions eyenziwe ngamnye rimproverabili, okanye nkqu njengesiphumo a kunjalo ngabanye (umz eyimali ka-mhlaba okanye purchasers, unguye. Kwezinye ingingqi assumptions (bona abo amanqaku. akukho sivumelwano ngomhla zabo uhlobo, njengoko kulo uluvo abanye ababhali, kwaye meko-mthetho, oko kunjalo ngokusekelwe guilt, nangona oko iyaguquka lo mthwalo ka-ubungqina ngokumayela kuyo. Ulungile ukucacisa ukuba inkcazelo ingxelo ngokomthetho ulwabiwo eyona njongo akuthethi ukuba umthetho akusebenzi ukuba factual iimeko bonisa ukuba ukuziphatha waba exhaswa locwangciso epheleleyo okanye ukungakhathali. Umthetho ihlala ikhona nangona, kunjalo isiqendu ababini unguye. m, inkundla, ungagqiba ukuba ngakumbi kangakanani isixa-mali inzuzo, gcina, indlela, necessity ka-ngakumbi ubungqina psychic kwinto. Ngokubhekiselele kule quantification le umonakalo kwaye uya kuba phantsi iindlela esekwe unguye. m, apho le ukuyo, kwaye m.m.
Ngaphakathi kuyo ufunyenwe i-nengqeqesho ye-cd
Ingakumbi, imbuyekezo ngu umahlule kwi zimbini izinto 'consequential umonakalo' kwaye 'ilahleko ye inzuzo' (cf. unguye m.m.) ngenxa yokuba ingaba ngqo kwaye ngqo ngenxa i-injury. Kuba pecuniary umonakalo othe kufuneka ndaqonda njengoko nayiphi na ilahleko, okanye njengoko eziyimfuneko kwi-kweenkonzo, okanye ukusilela ukuthatha, nangona ukuba kokuba ekunene, into eluncedo sele ekho kwi-lemveli ye-yonakele. Ilahleko inzuzo nayiphi na ilahleko ye earnings apho, endaweni yoko, ingaba zithe ekhutshwe ukuba mthethweni umthetho engafikanga sele zenziwe. I-refreshment 'kuba no ngoku kuchaziwe ikhona, yethu esemthethweni indlela, kunye refreshment 'ngendlela ethile, nendlela' (oko singathi kanjalo chaza' isazisi'), apho damager ulindeleke ukuba buyisela kanye kanye imeko kobuninzi bamanzi kwaye umgangatho ukuba izakuba kwenzeka kwi kubekho i-wrongful act (aph. Kukho kwimeko nganye kwi-quantification ye-obligation kuba imbuyekezo yabasebenzi (determination ka-quantum) umgaqo apho ngonaphakade ulungiselelo kuba imbuyekezo unako, iyonke, zingaphezu kangakanani le umonakalo, complaining njani akulunganga inzuzo kwi-holder ye-isemthethweni imeko ye-injured umntu (i-exclusion ye-uhlobo isohlwayo ye-ebizwa-obligation kuba imbuyekezo yabasebenzi). hayi ufuzisela imeko ka-zombhali kuphela ezikhuselweyo: ngoko ke, uluvo ngoku captured yi-imfundiso neminqophiso meko-mthetho, ukhuseleko aquiliana ngokuphathelele zombhali kuphela iimeko kunye imali ayikho imali. Nangona kunjalo, akukho sivumelwano kuyo ngokuphathelele indlela landela ukuze kumisela recoverability ezakwa-pecuniary umonakalo. Urhulumente, emva kokuba isibini kakuhle-ezaziwayo judgements lesiqu kwinkundla ka, i-mthetho (na ngaphandle ubukrakra criticisms ka-imfundiso, kakhulu perplexed malunga ukuvavanywa kokuba ingaba kwaye necessity ezinjalo a ukwakhiwa, ngabanye sigwetywe ukuba abe artificial) ikhangeleka iqinisekise ukuba kwinkqubo yethu ingaba zikho iindlela ezimbini ka-protection extra-contractual: omnye waseka kwi unguye. (mbasa ezilungele kuba umyalelo wokhuselo kwelanga i-ungqinelwano ikhasi) nezinye ngokusekelwe unguye. apho, ngomhla sikazwelonke ka-argumentation ayikho rhoqo linear, izakuba end ukuya kwi-zichaza a tort ngu structurally efanayo ukuba ekuthethwe ngawo unguye. kodwa ke relates kuphela kwiimeko na imali. Umbuzo, apho waba sele kumiselwe ngenye indlela-hluke kakhulu ukususela historic isihlalo yomgaqo-Siseko (wathumela. akukho.) kwaye waba ungeniswe ukuba imbuyekezo ye-cd ka-biological umonakalo, ihlala ingu kude kugqitywe ekubeni. Kuyo yonke indlela, ngoku i-non-pecuniary umonakalo protectable eks ukuba kwi nge ka-imbuyekezo, umahlule kwi:) biological Umonakalo ndaqonda njengoko lesion inzala, constitutionally guaranteed, imfezeko, yesitalato kwaye mental umntu, ezibangela ukuba zonyango nakwiimviwo (aph. amashumi amabini Iindleko.)) existential Umonakalo ndaqonda njengoko na injury a indalo ukuba ayikho koko yeemvakalelo zakho kwaye ngaphakathi, kodwa objectively verifiable, apho ingaba alter i-imikhuba kwaye isakhiwo se-relational obubobakhe, ezikhokelela nemigaqo yokusebenzisa imichiza ka-eyahlukileyo ebomini njengoko intetho kwaye realization ye-personality kwi-ngaphandle kwehlabathi. I-existential umonakalo, ke ngoko, kuya kufuneka substantiate a kuguqulwa pejorative ye-personality ka-oyedwa kubukho injury ukuba kuyimfuneko izinto ezichaphazela umntu, ezifana nezo constitutionally guaranteed (impilo, reputation, inkululeko wacinga, usapho, njalo-njalo). Oku differs ukusuka 'biological umonakalo' njengokuba kubhaliwe prescinds ukususela accertabilità indawo i-isemthethweni practitioner, kwaye differs ukusuka 'kwendlela kwenzakala ngu zombhali kuphela', ngoba, ngokungafaniyo oku, olukuye re ipsa, kufuneka obiettivarsi (supreme Inkundla cassation, kunye isivakalisi, ikhangeleka kuba swept kude wonke ukuthandabuza ukuze ukuba kunokwenzeka umngcipheko overlap le uhlobo umonakalo kunye nabanye).
